SECOND KHANDHAKA.
PROBATION AND PENANCE.
1.
1. Now at that time the Blessed Buddha was staying at Sâvatthi, in the Getavana,
Anâthapindika's Grove. And at that time Bhikkhus who had been placed on
probation 1 used to accept reverence and service and salutation and respect from
regular Bhikkhus; and to allow them to provide a seat, or a sleeping-place, or
water for the feet, or a foot-stool, or a foot-towel for them; and to carry
their bowl or their robe, and to shampoo them 2.
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Those Bhikkhus who were moderate were annoyed, murmured, and became indignant,
saying, 'How can Bhikkhus who have been placed on probation accept reverence
(&c., as above, down to) shampoo them?'
And those Bhikkhus told this thing to the Blessed One.
Then the Blessed One on that occasion, and in that connection, convened a
meeting of the Bhikkhusamgha, and asked the Bhikkhus: 'Is it true, O Bhikkhus,
as they say, that Bhikkhus who have been placed on probation accept reverence
(&c., as before, down to) shampoo them?'
'It is true, Lord.'
The Blessed Buddha rebuked them, saying, 'How can those Bhikkhus (&c., as
before, down to) shampoo them? This will not conduce, O Bhikkhus (&c., as usual,
down to) 1 turning back of those who have been converted.'
And when he had rebuked them, and had delivered a religious discourse, he
addressed the Bhikkhus, saying, 'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation
ought not to accept reverence (&c., as before, down to) shampoo them. Whosoever
does so, shall be guilty of a dukkata offence. I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, to those
Bhikkhus who have been placed on probation to do [all the courtesies, duties,
and services mentioned above 2] for one another, according to their seniority. I
prescribe, O Bhikkhus, five things (as permissible) to Bhikkhus who have been
placed on probation,
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according to their seniority; (that is to say), the Uposatha ceremony, the
Pavâranâ ceremony, the share in robes for the rainy season, in things dedicated
to the Samgha 1, and in food.
2. 'Therefore, O Bhikkhus, do I make known to you a rule of conduct for Bhikkhus
who have been placed on probation, according to which they ought to conduct
themselves aright. And herein this is the right conduct. He ought not to confer
the Upasampadâ (&c., as above, in I, 1, 5, down to the end) 2.
A. Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to walk in
front of, or to sit down in front of, a regular Bhikkhu. Whichever belonging to
that company of Bhikkhus shall be the worst seat 3, or the worst sleeping-place,
or the worst room 4, that shall be given to that Bhikkhu, and there-
p. 387
with shall he content himself. A Bhikkhu who has been placed under probation
ought not, O Bhikkhus, to visit the families who support a regular Bhikkhu (by
officiating, in order to do so, as the companion who precedes or follows that
regular Bhikkhu)--he ought riot to devote himself to a forest life--he ought not
to devote himself to living on alms personally received 1--he ought not to cause
an alms to be brought out to him with the object of escaping an extension of his
probationary term 2, thinking, "Let them not recognise me" (as one who has been
placed under probation) 3.
'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought, O Bhikkhus, to announce the
fact of his having been so placed when he arrives at a residence as an incoming
Bhikkhu--he ought to announce the fact to an incoming Bhikkhu--he ought to
announce the fact at an Uposatha meeting--he ought to announce the fact at a
Pavâranâ meeting--and, if he be sick, he ought to announce the fact at such
meetings by means of a messenger 4.
p. 388
3. 'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to go away
from a residence in which Bhikkhus are living to a residence in which no
Bhikkhus are living, unless with a regular Bhikkhu, or in time of danger. A
Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to go away from
a residence in which Bhikkhus are living to a place which is not a residence 1
and where no Bhikkhus are living, unless with a regular Bhikkhu, or in time of
danger. A Bhikkhu (&c., as before) ought not to go away from a residence in
which Bhikkhus are living, either to a residence or to a place which is not a
residence, and where Bhikkhus are not living, unless (&c., as before) 2. . . .
from a place which is not a residence, but where Bhikkhus are living, to a place
which is a residence, but where Bhikkhus are not living . . . . from a place
which is not a residence, but where Bhikkhus are living, to a place which is not
a residence and where Bhikkhus are not living . . . . from a place which is no
residence, but where Bhikkhus are living, either to a place which is not a
residence or to a residence where no Bhikkhus are living . . . . from a place
which is either a residence or not a residence, to a place which is a residence,
but where no Bhikkhus are living . . . . from a place which is either a
residence or no residence, but where Bhikkhus are living, to a place
p. 389
which is not a residence and where no Bhikkhus are living . . . . from a place
which is either a residence or not a residence, but where Bhikkhus are living,
to a place which is either a residence or not a residence, but where no Bhikkhus
are living, unless with a regular Bhikkhu or in time of danger.
'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to go away
from a residence where Bhikkhus are living to a residence where Bhikkhus are
living, but where there may be Bhikkhus of different communities from his own
(unless, &c., as before). [The same changes as in the last series are here rung
upon this inhibition, down to] . . . . from a place which is either a residence
or not a residence, but where Bhikkhus. are living, to a place which is either a
residence or not a residence, and where Bhikkhus are living, but where there may
be Bhikkhus of different communities from his own (unless, &c., as before).
'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought to go, O Bhikkhus, from a
residence where Bhikkhus are living to a residence where Bhikkhus are living,
and where there are Bhikkhus of the same community (with himself), if he knows,
"This very day I can go there." [Here follow the same permutations and
combinations as in the last two series.]
4. 'A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to dwell
with a regular Bhikkhu in a residence under one and the same roof--nor in a
place which is not a residence under one and the same roof--nor in a place which
is either a residence or not a residence under one and the same roof. On seeing
a regular Bhikkhu he
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ought to rise from his seat 1; and he ought to offer his seat to a regular
Bhikkhu. He ought not to sit down on one and the same seat with a regular
Bhikkhu; when a regular Bhikkhu is seated on a low seat he ought not to sit down
on a high seat 2; when a regular Bhikkhu is seated on the ground he ought not to
sit down on a seat 3; he ought not to walk up and down on the same kaṅkama 4
with a regular Bhikkhu; when a regular Bhikkhu is walking up and down on a low
kaṅkama he ought not to walk up and down on a higher kaṅkama; when a regular
Bhikkhu is walking up and down on the ground he ought not to walk up and down on
a (properly prepared) kaṅkama.
A Bhikkhu who has been placed on probation ought not, O Bhikkhus, to dwell (&c.,
all the other acts mentioned in the last paragraph being here repeated down to
the end) with a Bhikkhu senior to himself who has been placed on probation . . .
. with a Bhikkhu who has been thrown back to the commencement of his term of
probation . . . . with a Bhikkhu who has rendered himself liable to the Mânatta
discipline 5 . . . . with a Bhikkhu undergoing the Mânatta discipline . . . .
with a Bhikkhu who is in a position to receive rehabilitation'.
If a meeting of four Bhikkhus, of whom one is
p. 391
a probationer, should place a Bhikkhu on probation, or throw him back to the
beginning of his probationary= course, or subject him to the Mânatta
discipline--or if a meeting of twenty Bhikkhus, of whom one is a probationer,
should rehabilitate a Bhikkhu, that, O Bhikkhus, is an invalid act, and need not
be obeyed 1:
__________________
Here end the ninety-four duties encumbent on a probationer.
Footnotes
384:1 There are four principal kinds of probation; the first of which was
required when the follower of another of the reforming sects was received into
the Buddhist Order, and is described in Mahâvagga I, 38. The other three, which
follow on the commission of a Samghâdisesa offence, are more particularly
described below in the third Khandhaka. The Pâli names of these four are
respectively apatikkhanna-parivâsa, patikkhanna-parivâsa, suddhanta-parivâsa,
and samodhâna-parivâsa.
No conclusion should be drawn against this statement from the passage above at
I, 9, 1; though Seyyasaka's conduct, as there described, would not have rendered
him liable to any one of these four principal probationary proceedings. For he
is said to have been guilty of many offences (âpatti-bahulo). The accompanying
enumeration must be taken, not as a description of those offences, but as
additional to them. And the probation imposed upon him must have been for
concealing one or more of the many offences not particularly specified.
384:2 All these expressions recur above, I, 27, 1.
385:1 See I, 1, 2, down to the end.
385:2 That is, in the lists recurring in the previous paragraphs, and given in
full at I, 27, 1.
386:1 Onoganam, which the Samanta Pâsâdikâ explains by 'visagganam: Compare the
use of onogesi at Dîpavamsa XIII, 29. The etymology of the word is unknown to
us.
386:2 The Samanta Pâsâdikâ has here the following note on savakaniyam, which
should be compared with the shorter note on the same word given above, I, it, 5:
Na savakaniyam kâtabban ti palibodhatthâya pakkosanatthâya vâ savakaniyam na
kâtabbam. Palibodhatthâya hi karonto, aham âyasmantam imasmim vatthusmim
savakaniyam karomi, imamhâ âvâsâ ekapadam pi mâ pakkami yâva na tam adhikaranam
vûpasantam hotîti; evam karoti. Pakkosanatthâya karonto, aham te savakaniyam
karomi, ehi mayâ saddhim vinaya-dharânam sammukhibhâvam gakkhâmâ ti: evam
karoti.
386:3 Buddhaghosa says here, Âsanapariyanto bhattaggâdîsu samgha-navak-âsanam
vukkati, svassa dâtabbo. Pariyanta is used here in the same sense as in the 22nd
Nissaggiya.
386:4 Vihârâ, In later times this word is no doubt always, or almost always,
used to designate the whole of a building in which several or many Bhikkhus
resided. In the older literature it always, p. 387 or almost always, denotes the
dwelling-place, the private apartment, of a single Bhikkhu.
387:1 That is, to refrain from salâka-bhatta, &c.
387:2 The Samanta Pâsâdikâ says, Tappakkayâ ’ti nihatabhatto hutvâ vihâren’ eva
nisiditvâ bhuñganto vattiyo ganayissâmi gakkhato me bhikkhû disvâ anârokentassa
rattikkhedo (cap. 2) siyâ ’ti iminâ kâranena pindapâto na niharâpetabbo.
387:3 Mâ mam gânimsû ’ti mâ mam ekabhikkhu pi gânâtû ’ti ka iminâ agghâsayena
vihâre sâmanerehi pakâpetvâ bhuñgitum labbhati. Gâmam pindâya pavisitabbam eva.
Gilânassa pana navakammam âkariyupagghâyakikkâdipasu (sic) tassa vâ vihâre yeva
akkhitum vattati. Sake pi gâme anekasatâ bhikkhû vikaranti na sakkâ hoti
âroketum gâmakâvâsam gantvâ sabhâgatthâne vasitum vattati.
387:4 This paragraph, it will be seen, is omitted in three out of the four
following cases, which are otherwise similar in every respect, p. 388 as regards
the right conduct which is laid down for them, to the present case of the
Bhikkhus who have been placed on probation.
388:1 The Samanta Pâsâdikâ says, (Abhikkhuko âvâso) na hi tattha vuttharattiyo
gananupikâ honti. pakatattena pana saddhim vattati. Anâvâso nâma ketiyagharam
bodhigharam sammañganiattako dâruattako pâniyamâlo vakkakuti dvârakotthako ’ti
evamâdi.
388:2 In the text read âvâso vâ anâvâso vâ.
390:1 This recurs in Khandhaka I, chapter 27.
390:2 Compare the 69th Sekhiya.
390:3 Compare the 68th Sekhiya.
390:4 A narrow space of open ground, levelled and cleared of jungle, for the
purpose of being used to walk up and down upon when meditating. See our note on
Mahayana V, 1, 14.
390:5 On these disciplines and on rehabilitation, see the following Khandhaka.
391:1 Compare Mahâvagga IX, 4, I.
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