SEVENTH KHANDHAKA.
DISSENSIONS IN THE ORDER.
1 1.
1. Now at that time the Blessed One was staying at Anupiyâ 2. Anupiyâ is a town
belonging to the Mallas 3. Now at that time the most distinguished of the young
men of the Sâkya clan had renounced the world in imitation of the Blessed One.
Now there were two brothers, Mahânâma the Sâkyan, and Anuruddha the Sâkyan.
Anuruddha the Sâkyan was delicately nurtured; and he had three storeyed
residences, one for the cold season, one for the hot season, and one for the
season of the rains 4. During the four months spent in the
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residence for the season of the rains, he was waited upon by women performing
music 1, and came not down from the upper storey of his residence.
Then Mahânâma the Sâkyan thought: 'Now the most distinguished of the young men
of the Sâkya clan have already renounced the world in imitation of the Blessed
One, but from our own family no one has gone forth from the household life into
the houseless state. Let therefore either I, or Anuruddha, renounce the world.'
And he went to Anuruddha the Sâkyan, and said [so to him, adding], 'Either
therefore do you go forth, or I will do so.'
'I am delicate. It is impossible for me to go forth from the household life into
the houseless state. Do you do so.'
2. 'But come now, O beloved Anuruddha, I will tell you what is incident to the
household life. First, you have to get your fields ploughed. When that is done,
you have to get them sown. When that is done, you have to get the water led down
over them. When that is done, you have to get the water led off again. When that
is done, you have to get the weeds pulled up 2. When that is done, you have to
get the crop reaped. When that is done, you have to get the crop carried away.
When that is done, you have to get it arranged
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into bundles. When that is done, you have to get it trodden out 1. When that is
done, you have to get the straw picked out. When that is done, you have to get
all the chaff removed. When that is done, you have to get it winnowed. When that
is done, you have to get the harvest garnered 2. When that is done, you have to
do just the same the next year, and the same all over again the year after that.
'The work is never over: one sees not the end of one's labours. O! when shall
our work be over? When shall we see the end of our labours? When shall we, still
possessing and retaining the pleasures of our five senses, yet dwell at rest?
Yes! the work, beloved Anuruddha, is never over; no end appears to our labours.
Even when our fathers and forefathers had completed their time 3, even then was
their work unfinished.'
'Then do you take thought for the household duties. I will go forth from the
household life into the houseless state.'
And Anuruddha the Sâkyan went to his mother, and said to her: 'I want, mother,
to go forth from the household life into the houseless state. Grant me thy
permission to do so.'
And when he had thus spoken, his mother replied
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to Anuruddha the Sâkyan, and said: 'You two, O beloved Anuruddha, are my two
only sons, near and dear to me, in whom I find no evil. Through death I shall
some day, against my will, be separated from you; but how can I be willing,
whilst you are still alive, that you should go forth from the household life
into the houseless state?'
[And a second time Anuruddha the Sâkyan made the same request, and received the
same reply. And a third time Anuruddha the Sâkyan made the same request to his
mother.]
3. Now at that time Bhaddiya the Sâkya Râga held rule over the Sâkyas; and he
was a friend of Anuruddha the Sâkyan's. And the mother of Anuruddha the Sâkyan,
thinking that that being so, the Râga would not be able to renounce the world,
said to her son: 'If, beloved Anuruddha, Bhaddiya the Sâkyan Râga will renounce
the world, thou also mayest go forth into the houseless state.'
Then Anuruddha the Sâkyan went to Bhaddiya the Sâkyan Raga, and said to him: 'My
renunciation of the world, dear friend, is being obstructed by thee.'
'Then let that obstruction, dear friend, be removed. Even with thee will I
1--renounce thou the world according to thy wish.'
'Come, dear friend, let us both renounce the world together!'
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'I am not capable, dear friend, of giving up the household life. Whatsoever else
you can ask of me, that I will do 1. Do you go forth (alone).'
'My mother, dear friend, has told me that if thou dost so, I may. And thou hast
even now declared "If thy renunciation be obstructed by me, then let that
obstruction be removed. Even with thee will I--renounce thou the world,
according to thy wish." Come, then, dear friend, let us both renounce the
world.'
Now at that time men were speakers of truth, and keepers of their word which
they had pledged. And Bhaddiya the Sâkya Râga said to Anuruddha the Sâkyan:
'Wait, my friend, for seven years. At the end of seven years we will renounce
the world together.'
'Seven years are too long, dear friend. I am not able to wait for seven years.'
[And the same offer was made successively of six years and so on down to one
year, of seven months and so on down to one month, and even of a fortnight, and
still there was ever the same reply. At last the Râga said,]
'Wait, my friend, for seven days, whilst I hand over the kingdom to my sons and
my brothers.'
'Seven days is not too long. I will wait thus far' (was the reply).
4. So Bhaddiya the Sâkya Râga, and Anuruddha, and Ânanda, and Bhagu, and
Kimbila, and Devadatta--just as they had so often previously gone
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out to the pleasure-ground with fourfold array--even so did they now go out with
fourfold array, and Upâli the barber went with them, making seven in all.
And when they had gone some distance, they sent their retinue back, and crossed
over into the neighbouring district, and took off their fine things, and wrapped
them in their robes, and made a bundle of them, and said to Upâli the barber:
'Do you now, good Upâli, turn back. These things will be sufficient for you to
live upon.'
But as he was going back, Upâli the barber thought: 'The Sâkyas are fierce. They
will think that these young men have been brought by me to destruction, and they
will slay me. But since now these young men of the Sâkya clan can go forth from
the household life into the houseless state, why indeed should not I?' And he
let down the bundle (from his back), and hung the bundle on a tree, saying, 'Let
whoso finds it, take it, as a gift,' and returned to the place where the young
Sâkyans were.
And the Sâkya youths saw him coming from afar, and on seeing, they said to him:
'What have you come back for, good Upâli?'
Then he told them [what he had thought, and what he had done with the bundle,
and why he was returned].
'Thou host done well, good Upâli (was the reply), in that thou didst not return;
for the Sâkyas are fierce, and might have killed thee.'
And they took Upâli the barber with them to the place where the Blessed One was.
And on arriving there, they bowed down before the Blessed One, and
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took their seats on one side. And so seated they said to the Blessed One: 'We
Sâkyas, Lord, are haughty. And this Upâli the barber has long been an attendant,
Lord, upon us. May the Blessed One admit him to the Order before us, so that we
may render him respect and reverence, and bow down with outstretched hands
before him (as our senior), and thus shall the Sâkya pride be humbled in us
Sâkyans 1.'
Then the Blessed One received first Upâli the barber, and afterwards those young
men of the Sâkya clan, into the ranks of the Order. And the venerable Bhaddiya,
before that rainy season was over, became master of the Threefold Wisdom 2, and
the venerable Anuruddha acquired the Heavenly Vision 3, and the venerable Ânanda
realised the effect of having entered upon the Stream 4, and Devadatta attained
to that kind of Iddhi which is attainable even by those who have not entered
upon the Excellent Way 5.
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5 1. Now at that time the venerable Bhaddiya, who had retired into the forest to
the foot of a tree, into solitude, gave utterance over and over again to this
ecstatic exclamation: 'O happiness! O happiness!' And a number of Bhikkhus went
up to the place where the Blessed One was, and bowed down before him, and took
their seats on one side. And, so seated, they [told the Blessed One of this],
and added, 'For a certainty, Lord, the venerable Bhaddiya is not contented as he
lives the life of purity; but rather it is when calling to mind the happiness of
his former sovranty that he gives vent to this saying.'
Then the Blessed One addressed a certain Bhikkhu; and said: 'Do you go, O
Bhikkhu, and in my name call Bhaddiya the Bhikkhu, saying, The Teacher,
venerable Bhaddiya, is calling for you."'
'Even so, Lord,' said that Bhikkhu, in assent to the Blessed One. And he went to
Bhaddiya, and called him [in those words].
6. 'Very, well,' said the venerable Bhaddiya, in
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assent to that Bhikkhu; and he came to the Blessed One, and bowed down before
him, and took his seat on one side. And when he was so seated, the Blessed One
said to the venerable Bhaddiya:
'Is it true, as they say, that you Bhaddiya, when retired into the forest to the
foot of a tree, into solitude, have given utterance over and over again to this
ecstatic exclamation, "O happiness! O happiness!" What circumstance was it, O
Bhaddiya, that you had in your mind when you acted thus?'
'Formerly, Lord, when I was a king, I had a guard completely provided both
within and without my private apartments, both within and without the town, and
within the (borders of my) country. Yet though, Lord, I was thus guarded and
protected, I was fearful, anxious, distrustful, and alarmed. But now, Lord, even
when in the forest, at the foot of a tree, in solitude, I am without fear or
anxiety, trustful and not alarmed; I dwell at ease, subdued 1, secure 2, with
mind as peaceful as an antelope's 3. It was when calling this fact to mind,
Lord, that I gave utterance over and over again to that cry, "O happiness! O
happiness!"'
Then the Blessed One, on hearing that, gave utterance at that time to this song:
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'The man who harbours no harsh thoughts within him,
Who cares not whether things are thus or thus,
His state of joy, freedom from grief or care,
The very gods obtain not to behold!'
Footnotes
224:1 With the whole of the following story compare the, in many respects,
fuller account given by the commentator on the Dhammapada (Fausböll, pp. 139 and
following).
224:2 This was the spot where Gotama spent the first week after his renunciation
of the world, before he went on to Râgagaha (Rh. D.'s 'Buddhist Birth Stories,'
I, 87). Professor Fausböll there (Gâtaka I, 65) reads Anûpiyam, but all his MSS.
have the ŭ short. It is noteworthy that in our text the locative is formed as if
the word were feminine, though the neuter form is used for the nominative.
224:3 The more usual mode of adding this description in similar passages at the
commencement of all the Suttas would lead us to expect here Mallânam nigame.
224:4 Compare Mahâvagga I, 7, I, where the same thing is said of Yasa.
225:1 Nippurisehi turiyehi. That Childers's rendering, 'without men, without
people,' is inadequate is clear from the context at the passage which he quotes
from Gâtaka I, 53.
225:2 Niddâpeti. Buddhaghosa says, 'Pull up the weeds' (tinâni). The word occurs
also at Gâtaka I, 215, where there is a similar list of farming operations,
which, though smaller, contains one or two items not given here.
226:1 Maddâpeti. There is mention of threshing (prati-han) already in the Vedas.
See the passages collected by Zimmer, 'Altindisches Leben,' p. 238. But treading
out is even still a very common, if not the more usual, process throughout India
and Ceylon.
226:2 Atiharâpeti. See Milinda Pañha, p. 66. The simple verb occurs also in a
similar connection in the Bhikkhunî-vibhaṅga in the introductory story to
Pâkittiya VII.
226:3 That is, had died.
227:1 Aham tayâ. Buddhaghosa explains that the Râga is beginning to say that he
will go with his friend. But a desire for the glory of sovereignty comes over
his heart, and he leaves the sentence unfinished. (The Pâli is given in the
notes on the text, p. 323.)
228:1 Tyâham. See Dr. Morris's remarks on this elision in his introduction to
the Kariyâ Pitaka (Pâli Text Society, 1882), where he makes it equal to tad
aham. This seems to us open to question, at least in this passage, where it may
possibly stand for te aham.
230:1 This reputation of the Sâkya family for pride is referred to in Gâtaka I,
88, 89.
230:2 Tisso viggâ, see Rh. D.'s remarks at pp. 161, 162 of 'Buddhist Suttas from
the Pâli' (S.B.E., vol. xi). They are probably here the three viggas referred to
in the Sutta-vibhaṅga, Pârâgika I, 1, 6-8, as the second of those is the
Heavenly Vision, here mentioned in the next clause.
230:3 Dibbakakkhu, a full description of the details of which will be found in
the stock paragraph translated by Rh. D. in 'Buddhist Suttas from the Pâli'
(S.B.E., vol. xi, pp. 216-218).
230:4 Sotâpattiphala; that is, he became free from the delusion of self
(sakkâyaditthi), from doubt (vikikikkhâ), and from dependence upon ceremonies or
works (sîlabbata-pârâmâsa). See Rh. D.'s manual, 'Buddhism,' pp. 108-110.
230:5 Pothugganikâ iddhi. What this may be is unknown to us. A fourfold Iddhi is
described in detail in the stock passage p. 231 translated by Rh. D. in
'Buddhist Suttas from the Pâli,' S.B.E., vol. xi, p. 214, and the fourfold Iddhi
of the ideal king in the similar passage, loc. cit., pp. 259-261. The Iddhi here
referred to may be the former of these two, though that list does not include
the power ascribed to Devadatta in the next chapter. At Gâtaka I, 140, the
expression of our text here is replaced by ghâna, though the account there is
otherwise the same.
It is worthy of notice that Devadatta, though a Bhikkhu, is not honoured with
the standing epithet, 'venerable,' always used of the other members of the
Order, even when they are represented to have been of bad character.
231:1 The following incident, with a summary of the preceding sections, forms
the introductory story to the 10th Jâtaka (Rh. D.'s 'Buddhist Birth Stories,' i.
pp. 190-193). The legend may have first arisen as an explanation of the name
Bhaddiya, which means 'the fortunate one.'
232:1 Pannalomo. See our note 2 on Cullavagga I, 6, 1 (above, vol. ii, p. 339).
232:2 Paradavutto. This is the reading of the Sinhalese MS., and is the correct
one. See Oldenberg's note at p. 363 of the edition of the text. Our translation
is conjectural.
232:3 Migabhûtena ketasâ. The meaning of miga in this phrase is not certain; and
the figure may be drawn from the careless mind of any animal in its natural
state. We have not noticed the idiom elsewhere; but compare the converse figure,
bhantamiga-sappatibhâgo sâsane anabhirato, at Jâtaka I, 303, 6.
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