Jataka Vol. I: Book I.--Ekanipāta: No. 37. Tittira-Jātaka
No. 37.
TITTIRA-JĀTAKA.
"For they who honour age."--This story was told by the Master whilst on his way
to Sāvatthi, about the way in which the Elder Sāriputta was kept out of a
night's lodging.
For, when Anātha-piṇḍika had built his monastery, and had sent word that it was
finished, the Master left Rājagaha and came to Vesālī, setting out again on his
journey after stopping at the latter place during his pleasure. It was now that
the disciples of the Six hurried on ahead, and, before quarters could be taken
for the Elders, monopolized the whole of the available lodgings, which they
distributed among their superiors, their teachers, and themselves. When the
Elders came up later, they could find no quarters at all for the night. Even
Sāriputta's disciples, for all their searching, could not find lodgings for the
Elder. Being without a lodging, the Elder passed the night at the foot of a tree
near the Master's quarters, either walking up and down or sitting at the foot of
a tree.
At early dawn the Master coughed as he came out. The Elder coughed too. "Who is
that?" asked the Master. "It is I, Sāriputta, sir." "What are you doing here at
this hour, Sāriputta?" Then the Elder told his story, at the close of which the
Master thought, "Even now, while I am still alive, the Brethren lack courtesy
and subordination; what will they not do when I am dead and gone?" And the
thought filled him with anxiety for the Truth. As soon as day had come, he had
the assembly of the Brethren called together, and asked them, saying, "Is it
true, Brethren, as I hear, that the adherents of the Six went on ahead and kept
the Elders among the Brethren out of lodgings for the night?" "That is so,
Blessed One," was the reply. Thereupon, with a reproof to the adherents of the
Six and as a lesson to all, he addressed the Brethren, and said, "Tell me, who
deserves the best lodging, the best water, and the best rice, Brethren?"
p. 93
Some answered, "He who was a nobleman before he became a Brother." Others said,
"He who was originally a brahmin, or a man of means." Others severally said,
"The man versed in the Rules of the Order; the man who can expound the Law; the
men who have won the first, second, third, or fourth stage of mystic ecstasy."
Whilst others again said, "The man in the First, Second, or Third path of
Salvation, or an Arahat; one who knows the Three Great Truths; one who has the
Six Higher Knowledges."
After the Brethren had stated whom they severally thought worthiest of
precedence in the matter of lodging and the like, the Master said, [218] "In the
religion which I teach, the standard by which precedence in the matter of
lodging and the like is to be settled, is not noble birth, or having been a
brahmin, or having been wealthy before entry into the Order; the standard is not
familiarity with the Rules of the Order, with the Suttas, or with the
Metaphysical Books 1; nor is it either the attainment of any of the four stages
of mystic ecstasy, or the walking in any of the Four Paths of salvation.
Brethren, in my religion it is seniority which claims respect of word and deed,
salutation, and all due service; it is seniors who should enjoy the best
lodging, the best water, and the best rice. This is the true standard, and
therefore the senior Brother ought to have these things. Yet, Brethren, here is
Sāriputta, who is my chief disciple, who has set rolling the Wheel of Minor
Truth, and who deserves to have a lodging next after myself. And Sāriputta has
spent this night without a lodging at the foot of a tree! If you lack respect
and subordination even now, what will be your behaviour as time goes by?"
And for their further instruction he said, "In times past, Brethren, even
animals came to the conclusion that it was not proper for them to live without
respect and subordination one to another, or without the ordering of their
common life; even these animals decided to find out which among them was the
senior, and then to shew him all forms of reverence. So they looked into the
matter, and having found out which of them was the senior, they shewed him all
forms of reverence, whereby they passed away at that life's close to people
heaven." And so saying, he told this story of the past.
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Once on a time, hard by a great banyan-tree on the slopes of the Himalayas,
there dwelt three friends,--a partridge, a monkey, and an elephant. And they
came to lack respect and subordination one to another, and had no ordering of
their common life. And the thought came to them that it was not seemly for them
to live in this way, and that they ought to find out which of their number was
the senior and to honour him.
As they were engaged thinking which was the oldest, one day an idea struck them.
Said the partridge and the monkey to the elephant as they all three sat together
at the foot of that banyan-tree, "Friend elephant, how big was this banyan when
you remember it first?" Said the elephant, "When I was a baby, this banyan was a
mere bush, over which I used to walk; and as I stood astride of it, its topmost
branches used just to reach up to my belly. I've known the tree since it was a
mere bush."
p. 94
Next the monkey was asked the same question by the other two; and he replied,
"My friends, when I was a youngling, [219] I had only to stretch out my neck as
I sat on the ground, and I could eat the topmost sprouts of this banyan. So I've
known this banyan since it was very tiny."
Then the partridge was asked the same question by the two others; and he said,
"Friends, of old there was a great banyan-tree at such and such a spot; I ate
its seeds, and voided them here; that was the origin of this tree. Therefore, I
have knowledge of this tree from before it was born, and am older than the pair
of you."
Hereupon the monkey and the elephant said to the sage partridge, "Friend, you
are the oldest. Henceforth you shall have from us acts of honour and veneration,
marks of obeisance and homage, respect of word and deed, salutation, and all due
homage; and we will follow your counsels. You for your part henceforth will
please impart such counsel as we need."
Thenceforth the partridge gave them counsel, and established them in the
Commandments, which he also undertook himself to keep. Being thus established in
the Commandments, and becoming respectful and subordinate among themselves, with
proper ordering of their common life, these three made themselves sure of
rebirth in heaven at this life's close.
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"The aims of these three"--continued the Master--"came to be known as the
'Holiness of the Partridge,' and if these three animals, Brethren, lived
together in respect and subordination, how can you, who have embraced a Faith
the Rules of which are so well-taught, live together without due respect and
subordination? Henceforth I ordain, Brethren, that to seniority shall be paid
respect of word and deed, salutation, and all due service; that seniority shall
be the title to the best lodging, the best water, and the best rice; and
nevermore let a senior be kept out of a lodging by a junior. Whosoever so keeps
out his senior commits an offence."
It was at the close of this lesson that the Master, as Buddha, repeated this
stanza:--
For they who honour age, in Truth are versed;
Praise now, and bliss hereafter, is their meed.
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[220] When the Master had finished speaking of the virtue of reverencing age, he
wade the connexion and identified the Birth by saying, "Moggallāna was the
elephant of those days, Sāriputta the monkey, and I myself the sage partridge."
p. 95
[Note. See this story in the Vinaya, Vol. II. page 161 (translated at page 193
of Vol. XX. of the Sacred Books of the East), and in Julien's Avadānas, Vol. II.
page 17. Reference is made to this Jātaka by name in Buddhaghosa's
Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī, page 178; but his quotation, though it purports to be from
the Tittira-Jātaka, is from the above passage in the Vinaya. Prof. Cowell has
traced its history in Y Cymmrodor, October 1882.]
Footnotes
93:1 i.e. the three divisions, or 'three baskets,' of the Buddhist scriptures,
Next: No. 38. Baka-Jātaka
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