Abhidhammattha Sangaha ( A Manual of Abhidhamma )
Translated by Narada Maha Thera
Published By the Buddhist Missionary Society
Rupasamutthana—Naya
§4.Kammam, cittam, utu, aharo c’ati cattari
rupasamutthanani nama.
Tattha kamavacaram rupavacaram ca ti pancavisati-
vidham pi kusalakusalakammamabhisankhatam ajjhat-
tika-santane kammasamutthanarupam patisandhim’
upadaya khane khane samutthapeti.
Arupavipakadvipancavinnanavajjitam pancasattativi-
dham pi cittam cittasamutthanarupam patham bhavangam
upadaya jayantam’ eva samutthapeti.
Tattha appanajavanam iriyapatham’ pi sannameti.
Votthapanakamavacarajavanabhinna pana vinnattim’
pi samutthapenti.
Somanassa-javanani pan’ ettha terasa-hasanam pi
janenti.
Situnhotu-samannata tejo-dhatu-thitippatta’va utusa-
mutthanarupam ajjhattan ca bahiddha ca yatharaham
samutthapeti.
Oja-sankhato aharo aharasamutthanarupam ajjho-
harankale thanappatto’ va samutthapeti.
Tattha hadaya-indriyarupani kammajan’ eva,
vinnattidvayam cittajam’ eva, saddo cittotujo, lahutadit-
tayam utucittaharehi sambhoti.
Avinibbhogarupani c’ eva akasadhatu ca catuhi
sambhutani. Lakkhanarupani na kutoci jayanti.
Attharasa pannarasa terasa dvadasati ca
Kammacittotukaharajani honti yathakkamam
Jayamanadirupanam sabhavatta hi kevalam
Lakkhanani na jayanti kehici’ ti pakasitam.
Ayam’ ettha rupasamutthananayo.
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The Arising of Material Phenomena (52)
§4.Material phenomena arise in four ways, viz:—
(1)Kamma, (2) Mind, (3) Seasonal conditions, and
(4)Food.
(1)Material Phenomena arising from Kamma (53)
Therein, the twenty-five types of moral and immoral
Kamma, pertaining to the Kama and Rupa Spheres, pro-
duce, in one’s own continuity, duly constituted material
phenomena born of Kamma, at every moment, commenc-
ing from conception.
(2)Material phenomena arising from Mind (54)
The seventy-five types of consciousness, excluding the
Formless Resultants and the twice fivefold cognitives pro-
duce mind-born material phenomena, from the first
moment of life-continuum just as it arises.
Therein the ecstatic Javanas regulate the bodily pos-
tures. But the Determining Consciousness, Javanas of the
Kama Sphere, and super-knowledge consciousness pro-
duce also (bodily and vocal) media of communication.
Herein the thirteen pleasurable Javanas produce laughter
too.
(3)Material Phenomena arising from
Seasonal conditions (55)
The Tejo-element, which comprises both cold and heat, on
reaching its static stage, produces, according to circum-
stances, both internal and external material phenomena,
resulting from seasonal conditions.
(4)Material Phenomena arising from Food (56)
Food, known as nutritive essence, during assimilation on
reaching its static stage, produces material phenomena
resulting from food.
Therein the heart and the (eight) material Faculties
are born of Kamma. The two media of communication are
born only of mind. Sound is born of mind and seasonal
conditions. The triple qualities of lightness and so forth
arise from seasonal conditions, mind, and food. The insep-
arable material qualities and the element of space arise
from four causes. Characteristic material qualities do not
arise from any cause.
Eighteen, fifteen, thirteen, and twelve arise respec-
tively from Kamma, mind, seasonal conditions, and food.
The characteristic marks of matter that arise and so
forth are not produced by any cause, they say, since they
are wholly intrinsic.
_______
Notes:—
52.Rupasamutthana—Buddhism does not attempt
to solve the problem of the ultimate origin of matter. It
takes for granted that matter exists and states that rupa
develops in four ways.
53.Kammaja—Strictly speaking, by Kamma are
meant past moral and immoral types of consciousness. It
is only those classes of consciousness pertaining to the
Kama and Rupa-Spheres that tend to produce rupa. They
are 12 types of immoral consciousness, 8 types of moral
consciousness, and the 5 moral rupa jhanas. A moral or
immoral birth-reproductive Kamma generated at the dying
moment of a person conditions the rebirth-consciousness
(patisandhicitta) in a subsequent birth. Simultaneous with
the arising of the rebirth-consciousness, rupas, condi-
tioned by past Kamma, spring up at every instant, like the
flame of a lamp, up to the I7th thought-moment reckoned
from the dying moment of the person.
At the very moment of conception there arise, as a
result of the reproductive Kammic force, three dasakas or
‘decads’—namely, the kaya, bhava, and vatthu—body, sex
and base decads. The body decad is composed of the four
elements, four derivatives, vitality and the Kayapasada. The
sex-decad and the base-decad are similarly constituted.
54.Cittaja—Mind, the invisible but more powerful
composite factor of the so-called being, has the potentiality
to produce rupa. In other words, good and bad thoughts
produce desirable and undesirable material phenomena.
This is apparent from the physical changes that result from
thoughts generated by a person. According to Abhi-
dhamma, it is from the arising moment of the first Bha-
vanga, that is, immediately after the rebirth-consciousness,
that material phenomena arising from mind spring up. The
rebirth-consciousness does not produce mind-born rupas
since Kamma does that function and since it is a newcomer
to the fresh existence. No mind-born rupas arise at the
static and perishing thought-moments as they are weak.
The ten sense-cognitives lack the potentiality to produce
rupa. The four Arupa Vipaka Jhanas do not produce rupa
as they are developed through non-attachment to rupa.
It is stated that Jhana factors are essential to produce
mind-born rupa. One who possesses Jhanas can therefore
produce powerful rupas which would enable him to live even
without edible food. The mentally alert do not lack vitality.
One who experiences Nibbanic bliss could live without any
food for a considerable period. For instance, the Buddha
fasted 49 days immediately after His Enlightenment.
Of the 75 types of consciousness, 26 Javanas
(10rupa kusala and kriya + 8 arupa kusala and kriya and
8 lokuttaras) could produce abnormal bodily movements
such as passing through the air, diving into the earth, walk-
ing on water, etc.
Here the Determining consciousness is the mind-
door consciousness (manodvaravajjana). Kamajavanas (29)
are the 12 akusalas, 1 hasituppada, and 16 sobhana kusala
and kriya; and Abhinna cittas are the two fifth jhana kus-
ala and kriya, accompanied by equanimity and connected
with knowledge.
13 pleasurable javanas are the 4 akusalas and 8 sob-
hana kusalas and kriyas, accompanied by pleasure, and
1hasituppada.
Worldlings, when laughing or smiling, experience
the four akusalas and four sobhanas; Sekhas, the types of
consciousness excluding the two akusalas accompanied by
misbelief; Arahants, the four kriyas and one hasituppada.
The Buddhas smile only with the four sobhana kriyas.
55.Utuja—It was stated earlier that Kamma pro-
duces, at the moment of rebirth, three decads — kaya,
bhava, and vatthu. The internal tejo element, found in
these three groups, combined with the external tejo ele-
ment, produces material phenomena caused by seasonal
conditions at the static stage of the rebirth-consciousness.
At the genesis stage Kamma-born tejo element takes the
place of mind-born tejo element.
It is clear that the term utu has been used in the sense
of tejo which constitutes both heat and cold. Strictly speak-
ing, it is the internal and external tejo elements which pro-
duce rupa. It should he understood that rupas, produced
by climatic conditions, are also included in the utuja class.
56.âharaja—By âhara are meant the nutritive
essence present in physical food and the sap (oja) con-
tained in the material groups born of Kamma, mind, and
seasonal conditions. The internal oja, supported by the
external nutritive essence, produces rupa at the static
stage which endures for 49 minor thought-instants. Rupas
arise when the oja diffuses the body. Internal sap is alone
incapable of producing rupa without the aid of external
nutritive essence.
Hadaya and 8 Indriya rupas (= eye, ear, nose,
tongue, body, masculinity, femininity, and vitality) are
wholly produced by Kamma. Thus jivitindriya or the life-
principle present in animate beings such as men and ani-
mals should he differentiated from the inanimate life of
plants and inorganic substances, as they are not the inevit-
able results of Kamma.
They do possess a certain kind of life different from
human beings and animals.
âkasa—It is interesting to note that this intra-atomic
space is caused by all the four causes.
Sadda—Articulate sounds are caused by mind; in-
articulate sounds are caused by utu. Musical notes caused
by men are produced by utu, conditioned by mind.
Kammaja = 18. They are:— inseparables 8 +
Space1 + Heart 1 + Controlling faculties 8.
Cittaja = 15. They are:— Mutables 5 + Sound 1 +
Inseparables 8 + Space 1.
Utuja = 13. They are :— Sound 1 + Lightness etc.
3Inseparables 8 + Space 1.
âharaja = 12. They are:— Lightness etc. 3 + Insep-
arables 8 + Space 1. The four Lakkhana rupas are common
to all as there is no rupa devoid of the three instants —
birth, decay, and death.
_______
Kalapa—Yojana
§5.Ekuppada ekanirodha ekanissaya sahavuttino-
ekavisati rupa-kalapa nama.
Tattha jivitam avinibbhogarupan ca cakkhuna saha
cakkhu-dasakan’ ti pavuccati. Tatha sotadihi saddhim
sotadasakam, ghana-dasakam, jivha-dasakam, kayadasa-
kam, itthibhava — dasakam, pumbhava — dasakam
vatthu-dasakan c’ati yathakkamam yojetabbam.
Avinibbhogarupam’ eva jivitena saha jivitanavakan’ ti
pavuccati. Ime nava kammasamutthana-kalapa.
Avinibbhogarupam pana suddhatthakam. Tad’ eva
kayavinnattiya saha kayavinnattinavakam vaci-vinnatti
saddehi saha vaci-vinnatti-dasakam lahutadihi saddhim
lahutadekadasakam kaya-vinnattilahutadi-dvadasakam
vaci-vinnatti-saddalahutadi-terasakan c’ati cha cittasamut-
thanakalapa.
Suddhatthakam, saddanavakam, lahutadekadasakam,
sadda-lahutadidvadasakan c’ati cattaro utusamutthanakalapa.
Suddhatthakam, lahutadekadasakan c’ati dve ahara-
samutthana-kalapa.
Tattha suddhatthakam, saddanavakan c’ati utu-
samutthana-kalapa bahiddha pi’ labbhanti. Avasesa pana
sabbe pi ajjhattikam’ eva.
Kammacittotukahara-samutthana yathakkamam
Nava cha caturo dve’ ti kalapa ekavisati
Kalapanam paricchedalakkhanatta vicakkhana
Na kalapangam iccahu akasam lakkhanani ca.
Ayam’ ettha kalapa-yojana.
_______
Grouping of Material Qualities (57)
§5.There are twenty-one material groups inasmuch as
they arise together (or have a common genesis), cease
together (or have a common cessation), have a common
dependence, and coexist.
Therein vitality and the (eight) inseparable material
qualities together with the eye are called the ‘eye-decad’.
Similarly the ‘ear-decad’ together with the ear and so
forth, ‘nose-decad’, ‘tongue-decad’, ‘body-decad’, ‘female-
decad,’ male-decad’, ‘base-decad’, should respectively be
formed. Inseparable material qualities, together with
vitality, are called the ‘vital-nonad’. These nine groups are
produced by Kamma.
The inseparable material qualities constitute the
‘pure octad’. They, together with the bodily intimation,
constitute the ‘bodily intimation nonad’; together with the
vocal intimation and sound the ‘vocal intimation decad’;
together with the material qualities of lightness, pliancy,
and adaptability the ‘un-decad of lightness’ and so forth;
the do-decad of bodily intimation, lightness, pliancy, and
adaptability; and the tri-decad of vocal intimation, sound,
lightness, pliancy, and adaptability.
These six material groups are produced by mind.
The pure octad„ the sound-nonad, the un-decad of
lightness, pliancy, and adaptability; the do-decad of
sound, lightness, pliancy, and adaptability—these four are
produced by seasonal phenomena.
The pure octad, and the un-decad of lightness, pli-
ancy and adaptability are the two material qualities pro-
duced by food.
Of them the two material groups produced by sea-
sonal phenomena—pure octad and the sound nonad—are
found externally too. All the rest are strictly internal.
There are twenty-one material groups — nine, six,
four and two produced in due order from Kamma, mind,
seasonal phenomena, and food.
As space demarcates, and characteristic marks just indi-
cate, the wise state that they are not parts of material groups.
Herein this is the formation of material groups.
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