Abhidhammattha Sangaha ( A Manual of Abhidhamma )
Translated by Narada Maha Thera
Published By the Buddhist Missionary Society
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(ii.Hetu Sangaho)
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§4.Hetusangahe hetu nama lobho doso moho
alobho adoso amoho c’atichabbidha bhavanti.
Tattha pancadvaravajjanadvipancavinnana-
sampaticchana-santirana-votthapana-
hasana-vasena attharasahetukacittani nama.
Sesani sabbani’pi ekasattati cittani sahetukan’
eva.
Tattha’pi dve momåhacittani ekahetukani.
Sesani dasa akusalacittani c’eva nanavippayu-
ttani dvadasa kamavacarasobhanani c’ati
dvavisati dvihetukacittani.
Dvadasa nanasampayutta—kamavacara
sobhanani c’eva pancatiüsamahaggata-
lokuttara cittani c’ati sattacattaëisa tihetuka-
cittani.
§5.Lobho doso ca moho ca hetå akusala tayo
Alobhadosamoho ca kusalabyakata tatha
Ahetukattharas’eka hetuka dve dvavisati
Dvihetuka mata satta cattaëisa tihetuka.
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(ii.Summary of Roots)
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§4.In the summary of roots (9) there are six—namely,
attachment, hatred, delusion or ignorance, non-attachment
or generosity, non-anger or good will and wisdom.
Therein eighteen types of consciousness are without
roots (10)—namely, five-door apprehending, the twice
fivefold sense-impressions, receiving, investigating, deter-
mining, and smiling.
All the remaining seventy-one (11) types of con-
sciousness are with roots.
Of them the two types of consciousness (12) associ-
ated with ignorance have only one root.
The remaining ten immoral types (13) of conscious-
ness and the twelve (14) Sense-Sphere Beautiful types of
consciousness, dissociated with wisdom—thus totalling
twenty-two—are with two roots.
The twelve Sense-Sphere Beautiful types (15) of con-
sciousness, associated with wisdom and the thirty-five
Sublime and Supramundane types of consciousness total-
ling forty-seven—are with three roots.
§5.Attachment, hatred, and ignorance are the three
immoral roots. Similarly non-attachment, goodwill, and
wisdom are moral and indeterminate (16).
It should be understood that eighteen are without
roots, two with one root, twenty-two with two roots, and
forty-seven with three roots.
Notes:
9. See Ch. 1, N. 9.
For a detailed exposition of hetu see Dhammasanghani
Hetu-gocchakaü, Sections 1053–1083; Buddhist Psychology,
pp.274–287.
According to the Atthasalini there are four kinds of hetu.
i.Hetu hetu, the root cause or the root condition.
There are three moral hetus, three immoral hetus and
three unmoral (abyakata) Hetus. Here hetu is used is the
sense of root.
ii.Paccaya hetu, causal condition or instrumental
cause.
“The four Great Essentials (Mahabhåta), O Bhikkhus, are
the causes (hetu), the conditions (paccaya) for the mani-
festation of Form-Group (Råpakkhandha).”
Here hetu is used in the sense of causal relation
(paccayahetu).
There is a subtle distinction between hetu and pac-
caya. The former signifies root (måla); the latter, an aiding
factor (upakaraka dhamma). Hetu is compared to the
roots of a tree, and paccaya to manure, water and soil that
aid its growth.
This distinction should be clearly understood.
It should also be noted that at times both hetu and
paccaya are used as synonymous terms.
iii.Uttama—hetu, chief cause or condition.
A desirable object acts as the chief (uttama) cause in pro-
ducing a good result and an undesirable one in producing
a bad result.
Here it means the chief cause.
iv.Sadharana-hetu, the common cause or condition.
Ignorance is the cause (hetu), condition (paccaya) of voli-
tional activities (sankhara).
Here hetu is used as the general cause.
Just as the essence of both earth and water is the
common cause of both sweetness and bitterness, even so
ignorance is the common cause of volitional activities.
Though hetu assumes different shades of meaning in
the Text, in this particular instance it is used in the specific
sense of root.
10. All the Ahetuka Cittas are devoid of all roots.
Hence they are neither moral nor immoral. They are
regarded as unmoral.
Seven of them are the resultants of immoral actions,
eight of moral actions, and three are merely functionals.
See Ch. 1, pp. 62–67.
11. i.e., 89 – 18 = 71.
12. Namely, the consciousness accompanied by
doubt (vicikiccha) and the other accompanied by rest-
lessness (uddhacca). These are the only two types of con-
sciousness that have one root, which is delusion. Being
potentially weak, restlessness is powerless in determin-
ing a future birth. Both doubt and restlessness are
regarded as two Fetters, the first of which is eradicated
by the First Path, and the second by the Fourth Path of
Sainthood.
13. The first eight immoral types of consciousness
are connected with lobha (attachment) and moha (delu-
sion) and the second two with dosa (aversion) and moha.
It should be noted that moha is common to all
immoral thoughts.
14. Those twelve Kamavacara Sobhana Cittas
(mentioned in the first chapter) dissociated with nana or
wisdom are conditioned by the two roots—alobha (non-
attachment) and adosa (goodwill or loving-kindness).
These two roots coexist in moral thoughts.
15. The remaining twelve Kamavacara Sobhana
Cittas, accompanied by wisdom, are conditioned by all the
three moral roots.
Similarly the 15 types of Råpavacara consciousness,
12 types of Aråpavacara consciousness, and the 8 types of
Lokuttara consciousness (15 + 12 + 8 = 35) are always
associated with the three moral roots.
It should not be understood that evil thoughts condi-
tioned by immoral roots do not arise in the Råpaloka and
the Aråpaloka. The point here stressed is that no immoral
roots are found in the higher types of consciousness.
Unlike the other Kusala Cittas, the Lokuttara Cittas,
though associated with the three moral roots, lack pro-
creative power.
16.Abyakata, literally, means that which is not
manifested. The term is applied to both Vipaka (result-
ants) and Kriya (Functionals). Vipaka is a result in itself
and is not productive of another result. Kriya does not pro-
duce any effect. Råpa (material form) is also regarded as
an abyakata because it does not reproduce any resultant
consciousness in itself.
Ahetuka—rootless types of consciousness = 18
Ekahetuka—types of consciousness with
one root = 2
Dvihetuka """two roots
immoral = 10
moral = 12
Tihetuka"""three roots
Beautiful = 12
Sublime = 27
Supramundane = 8 ___
89 ___
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